BELIF MODEL PAPER 13
Hypnosis can be used to alter perception and therefore belief. When you work with hypnosis you learn something very profound about the nature of belief. Some hypnotized subjects can be hypnotized to see things that are not there or not to see things that are there. And it’s not just about seeing. They may actually eat an onion after being instructed to see it as an apple and respond to it in every way as if it is a perfectly genuine apple.
The point here is that during these hypnotic episodes the subjects believe completely in the reality of what they experience. This illustrates to the hypnotist – and hopefully to the subject – that what you believe can be completely disconnected from actual objective reality. Similarly, when you dream during your sleep, you believe totally in the reality of the dream events you experience. But a few moments later that absolute belief counts for nothing when you wake up and see that what you believed so heartily just a few moments before has no basis in reality.
People assume that their beliefs are important, and they are, but how reliable are they? And how can perceptions be manipulated to alter beliefs? How do we come to believe things that are absurd, dangerous, or patently wrong?
The realization that beliefs are highly malleable is, in fact, fairly modern. In the old days people were seen as willfully choosing to be ‘bad’ or ‘good’ rather than being prey to implanted convictions and beliefs.
It was only in the 1950s that British psychologist William Sargent demonstrated how the Chinese succeeded in remolding the beliefs of captive American servicemen during the Korean War. When his findings were published, the term ‘brainwashing’ was born. Sargent also demonstrated how a person of one religion can be converted to another once you understand how belief itself works, regardless of what it is that someone believes.
Sargent suggested that beliefs largely stem from the accident of our environment rather than being personally worked out and adopted. The very accident of our birth lands us in an environment already full of the beliefs of other people – ready made dogmas just waiting for us. These ‘accepted ideas’ are, as it were, grafted on to us without our conscious participation. As a result, whatever their personal characteristics or level of education, the person born into medieval Japan would have a very different set of beliefs from someone born into Victorian England, or early 21st century America.
But taking our beliefs as reflections of unchanging, universal truths seriously limits our scope for self knowledge.
Now I want to focus specifically on:
belief based on selected instancesthe ‘engineering’ of belief through ‘brainwashing’belief as contamination from others, or what we might call ‘viral belief.’
A mutual fund company is an investment company that receives money from investors for the sole purpose to invest in stocks, bonds, and other securities for the benefit of the investors. A mutual fund is the portfolio of stocks, bonds, or other securities that generate profits for the investor, or shareholder of the mutual fund. A mutual fund allows an investor with less money to diversify his holdings for greater safety and to benefit from the expertise of professional fund managers. Mutual funds are generally safer, but less profitable, than stocks, and riskier, but more profitable than bonds or bank accounts, although its profit-risk profile can vary widely, depending on the fund's investment objective.Most mutual funds are open-end funds, which sells new shares continuously or buys them back from the shareholder (redeems them), dealing directly with the investor (no-load funds) or
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through broker-dealers, who receive the sales load of a buy or sell order.The purchase price is the net asset value (NAV) at the end of the trading day, which is the total assets of the fund minus its liabilities divided by the number of shares outstanding for that day
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